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É verdade que nosso blog anda meio parado (meio?). Os últimos meses foram de intensas mudanças para nós todos aqui da LBM, no plano pessoal e profissional, mas podemos afirmar com alívio que são todas mudanças para a melhor! Novos projetos se formando e o trabalho continua a mil.
Para retomarmos nossas postagens, convidamos a Ana Cecília, colaboradora da LBM da equipe do alemão, para nos contar um pouco mais sobre como funciona a legendagem na Alemanha e região. Um texto muito rico e informativo. Aproveitem!
***
“As legendas interferem menos no conteúdo de um filme do que a dublagem. E os amantes
do cinema priorizam um prazer autêntico.”
Silke Nagel
CURIOSIDADES SOBRE A LEGENDAGEM NA ALEMANHA E PAÍSES EUROPEUS
Ao longo da história do cinema, duas formas de produção de filmes estrangeiros se tornaram populares: a dublagem e a legendagem. Na Europa, países com pequena extensão territorial (Holanda, Portugal, Grécia e Romênia, por exemplo) ou com mais de uma língua cedo demonstraram suas preferências culturais por filmes legendados. Enquanto isso, França, Itália, Alemanha e demais países de língua alemã adotaram principalmente a dublagem. Nos últimos anos, entretanto, tem havido uma crescente demanda pelas legendas, focada em públicos específicos.
As primeiras legendas do cinema eram exibidas entre as imagens dos antigos filmes mudos. A partir da década de 30 do século XX, passaram a ser integradas nas imagens, sendo atualmente queimadas com laser, o que permite grande precisão e melhor legibilidade.
Na Alemanha, após a chegada do partido nazista ao poder em 1933, as produções cinematográficas eram usadas como instrumento de manipulação a serviço da ideologia totalitária. A chamada “tradução cultural” modificava diálogos originais, que eram dublados conforme indicado pelo partido nazista. Depois da guerra, entre as décadas de 1950 e 1960, o conteúdo dos filmes continuou sendo manipulado, agora para agradar os espectadores e atender aos gostos do público. Um exemplo famoso foram as “mutilações” feitas no filme Casablanca, produção norte-americana, onde as cenas com nazistas foram retiradas e substituídas por uma história de espionagem.
A partir dos anos 80, com a chegada ao mercado do aparelho de vídeo cassete e posteriormente do DVD, o público começou a perceber as alterações grotescas inseridas nas produções e passou a demandar mais respeito pela fidelidade ao original. A nova tecnologia inibiu a alteração deliberada do conteúdo do filme pela dublagem e diminuiu a possibilidade dos cortes de trechos do original.
Atualmente, enquanto a dublagem continua sendo a opção principal do público do mainstream alemão, as legendas conquistam importantes nichos específicos de mercado. Há uma crescente demanda por legendagem, que se intensificou nos últimos anos, buscando atender principalmente às exigências dos mercados específicos de produção de DVDs e dos canais digitais de televisão por assinatura. Tais canais costumam ter um público mais restrito e produções com financiamentos mais baixos, tornando a legendagem a opção ideal, com custos menores.
Silke Nagel, autora do livro Audiovisuelle Übersetzung: Filmuntertitelung in Deutschland, Portugal um Tschechien (Tradução Audiovisual: Legendagem de filmes na Alemanha, Portugal e República Tcheca) e profissional de legendagem, cita os grupos específicos que optam pelos filmes legendados. Os cinéfilos fazem jus ao famoso ditado alemão “A voz de uma pessoa é seu segundo rosto” e preferem os filmes em sua versão original, com legendas, pois querem ouvir o som do idioma estrangeiro e das vozes verdadeiras dos atores. Na Alemanha, os filmes legendados são exibidos para os “amantes do cinema” em salas alternativas e também podem ser encontrados em DVD.
Há também associações de deficientes auditivos que lutam pela regulamentação do uso de legendas no país, através de leis que garantam o acesso irrestrito às informações na televisão. Outro grupo que prefere as legendas é o dos estudantes de línguas estrangeiras, que buscam filmes e programas para treinarem seus conhecimentos. Assistindo às produções no idioma original podem ampliar o vocabulário, memorizar as estruturas idiomáticas e exercitar a compreensão auditiva. Uma pesquisa da Comissão Europeia sobre os europeus e seus idiomas confirma que, embora 56% da população prefira filmes dublados, os cidadãos de países que costumam legendar seus filmes são ‟mais bem treinados em diversos idiomas”.
***
Ana Cecilia Montenegro Bayreuther é tradutora e revisora de textos e legendas, pós-graduada em tradução de inglês e professora de português como língua estrangeira na Alemanha, onde reside. Formada em Direito pela PUC/RJ, adora livros, artes e cinema. Prefere filmes originais com legendas, claro.
Referências:
Antweiler, Kathrin. Geschichte der Untertitelung. Disponível em: <http://www.fask.uni-mainz.de/cafl/doku/multimedia/untertitelung/Untertitelung-Inhalt.html#Inhalt >
Deneger, Jana. Legendagem de filmes: a voz como segundo rosto. Goethe-Institut e. V., Online-Redaktion. Disponível em: <http://www.goethe.de/ins/br/lp/kul/dub/flm/pt6456940.htm>.
Jacob, Alex. Die Geschichte der Film Synchronisation in Deutschland. Sprechersprecher. Disponível em: <http://www.sprechersprecher.de/blog/die-geschichte-der-film-synchronisation-in-deutschland>.
Staud, Sophie. Audiovisuelle Translations. Disponível em: <https://prezi.com/orahvpbzmtmg/audiovisuelle-translations/>.
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урология как научная дисциплина изучает челоАртерио купить в аптеке за 990 рублейека и
его психические проявления с помощью медицинских методов,
науки о медицине и психологии, в том числе и с
точки зрения физиологии
человека.
Философия, как и врач, преследует цель достичь гармонии с самим собой.
И в целом философией занимаются различные философские направления, или, если угодно, течения.
Психология: психологию принимают как науку несколько основных
школ. Их можно разделить на несколько больших групп:
гуманистическая психология, названная так в честь
Гуманизма, который является крупнейшим представителем этого направления.
Это направление выдвинуло идею: человек – это
в первую очередь разумное существо;
бихевиоризм, в частности, американский его представитель – Г.
Джексон;
гештальт-психология, популярное название
этого направления – в последние годы активно эксплуатируется в СМИ.
Они делятся на пять типов:
органический, который считается наиболее целостным и
включает в себя все виды
психологических направлений и школ,
это направление формирует собой раздел психологии, изучающий
суть человеческих эмоций и чувств;
функциональный раздел психологии изучает поведение человека во всех сферах его жизни;
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